COHSEM Syllabus 2025 PDF: Manipur Council Class 12 Syllabus for All Subjects

Units

Important Topics

Marks

PART – I: Macro Economics

Introduction

• Macroeconomics
• Some basic concepts of macroeconomics Business Cycle
• Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply, Consumption Goods, Capital Goods, Final Goods, Intermediate Goods, Stocks and Flows Gross Investment and Depreciation

5

National Income and Related Aggregates: Basic Concepts and Measurement

• Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.
• Concepts and aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), etc.
• Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income; Real and Nominal GDP; GDP and Welfare.
• Simple Numerical Examples.

12

Theory of Income and Employment: Basic Concepts and Determination of Income and Employment.

• Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply and their components.
• Consumption Function and Investment Function
• Propensity to Consume and Propensity to Save, Equilibrium Output, Types of Unemployment.

15

Money and Banking

• Money – Meaning, Functions, and types.
• Supply of money
• Money and Credit Creation by Commercial banks.
• Central bank – Meaning and Functions.

10

Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy and Government Budget

• Monetary Policy – Meaning, types and tools.
• Fiscal Policy – Meaning, types and tools.
• Government budget
• Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
• Various measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit; their meaning and implications.

8

PART – II: Indian Economic Development

Introduction

• Parameters of Development
• Brief introduction of the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence.
• Main features, problems and policies of Agriculture and Foreign Trade.

5

Structural Changes in the Indian Economy After Liberalization

• Meaning, Need, Significance and Features of Liberalization, Globalization

12

Current Challenges facing Indian Economy

• Poverty – absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment
• Rural development
• Human Capital Formation
• Growth of Education Sector in India.
• Informal Economy
• Sustainable Economic Growth: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment.

15

Planning and Economic Development in India

• Objectives, Targets, Achievements and drawbacks of different Five Year Plans in India (A brief account).

10

Economic Growth and Development

• Economic Growth and Development-Meaning and Difference
• Comparative study of
• India and China on the following indicators : (i) Unemployment, (ii) GDP growth, etc.

8

100

Units

Important Topics

Marks

Nature and Significance of Management

(a) Management – Concept, Objective, Importance.

(b) Management as Science, Art, Profession.

(c) Levels of Management.

(d) Management Functions – Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling.

(e) Coordination – Characteristics and Importance.

7

Principles of Management

Principles of Management – Concept, Nature and Significance.

(b) Fayol’s Principles of Management.

(c) Taylor’s Scientific Management – Principles and Techniques.

7

Business Environment

a) Business Environment – Concept, Importance.

(b) Dimensions of Business Environment – Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal.

(c) Concept of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization Business and Industry.

(d) Impact of Government Policy, Changes on Business and Industry with special reference to Liberalization, Privatization, Globalisation

7

Planning

(a) Concept, Importance, Limitations.

(b) Planning Process.

(c) Types of plans – Objective, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget, Programme.

6

Organising

(a) Concept and importance.

(b) Steps in the process of Organising.

(c) Structure of Organisation – Functional and Divisional.

(d) Formal and Informal Organisation.

(e) Delegation: Concept, Elements and Importance.

(f) Decentralization: Concept and Importance.

10

Staffing

(a) Concept and Importance of staffing.

(b) Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management.

(c) Staffing Process: Recruitment – Meaning and Sources: Selection – Process

(d) Training and Development – Concept and Importance.

10

Directing

(a) Concept and Importance.

(b) Elements of Directing

– Supervision – Concept, Functions of a Supervisor.
– Motivation – Concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
– Financial and Non-Financial Incentives.
– Leadership – Concept, Qualities of a good leader.
– Communication – Concept, Formal and Informal Communication, Barriers to effective communication

8

Controlling

(a) Concept and Importance.

(b) Relationship between Planning and Controlling.

(c) Steps in the process of Control.

5

Financial Management

(a) Concept, Objective of financial management.

(b) Decisions relating to Investment, Financing and Dividend.

(c) Financial Planning: Concept and Importance

(d) Financial Structure – Concept and Factors affecting

(e) Fixed and Working capital – Concept and Factors affecting its requirements.

12

Financial Markets

(a) Financial Markets: Concept and Types.

(b) Money market and its Instruments.

(c) Capital market and its types (Primary and Secondary).

(d) Stock Exchange – Functions, Trading Procedure (NSDL and CDSL).

(e) NSEI – Objectives.

(f) Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – Objectives and Functions.

6

Marketing Management

(a) Marketing – Meaning, Functions, Marketing v/s Selling.

(b) Marketing Management Philosophies.

(c) Marketing Mix – Concept.

• Product – Concept, Branding, Labeling and Packaging.

• Price – Factors determining price.

• Physical Distribution – Concept, Channels of distribution: Types, Choice

of channels.

• Promotion – Concept and Elements; Advertising – Concept, role,

Objections against Advertising, Personal selling – Concept and Qualities

of a good salesman, Sales Promotion – Concept and Techniques, Publicity –

Concept and Role.

16

Consumer Protection

(a) Concept and Importance of Consumer Protection.

(b) Consumer Protection Act 1986.

– Meaning of Consumer and consumer protection.

– Rights and Responsibilities of consumers

– Who can file a complaint and against whom?

– Redressal Machinery.

– Remedies available.

(c) Consumer Awareness – Role of consumer organizations and NGOs.

6

Project Work (to be conducted by the institution)

Unit

Important Topics

Marks

Solid State

• General characteristic of solid-state

• Classification of crystalline solids

• Close packed structures

• Packing Efficiency

• Imperfection in solids

• Electrical and Magnetic Properties

23

Solutions

• Types of solutions

• Raoult’s law, the elevation of boiling point

• Depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties

• Abnormal molecular mass

• van’t Hoff factor and calculations involving it.

Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical cells, Galvanic cells, Nernst Equation, Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions, Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis, Batteries, Fuel cells and corrosion.

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction

• Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions)

• Concept of collision theory

Surface Chemistry

• Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption

• Activity and selectivity

• True solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions; lyophilic

• Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; the emulsion-elements idea of nanomaterials.

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

• Principles and method of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction

• Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy

• Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy and refining,

• Uses of aluminum, copper, zinc and iron.

19

The p-Block elements

• Group 15 elements

• Group 16 elements

• Group 17 elements

• Group 18 elements

The d- and f- Block Elements

• General introduction

• Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

• Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

• Some application d- and f- Block elements

Coordination Compounds

• Werner’s Theory of co-ordination Compound

• Definition of some important terms pertaining to Coordination Compounds

• Nomenclature of Co-ordination compounds

• Isomerism in coordination compounds

• Bonding in metal carbonyl

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Haloalkanes: Classification, Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond,

• Method of preparation of Haloalkanes, physical and chemical properties,

• Mechanism of substitution reactions. Stability of carbocations, R-S and D-L configurations.

• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, method of preparation of

• Haloarenes substitution reactions

18

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Classification

• Nomenclature structures of functional groups

• Physical properties and chemical reactions of Ethers

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids

• Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group

• Preparation of aldehydes and ketones

• Physical properties and chemical reactions

• Uses of aldehydes and ketones.

• Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl groups – Methods of

• Preparation of Carboxylic acids

Amines

• Structure of Amines, classification and nomenclature of amines, preparation of amines

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates: Structure of glucose and fructose, disaccharides, polysaccharides, cellulose and importance of carbohydrates.

• Proteins: Amino acids and its classification, structure of protein and denaturation of the protein.

• Enzymes: Mechanism of Enzyme Action.

• Vitamins: Classification and Importance of Vitamins.

• Nucleic acids: Chemical composition, the function of nucleic acids.

• Hormones: Its functions.

10

Polymers

• Classification of polymers — types of polymerisation reactions

• Molecular mass of polymers

• Biodegradable polymers of commercial importance

Chemistry in Everyday life

• Drugs and their classification, Drug-target interaction

• The therapeutic action of different classes of drugs

• Chemicals in food, cleaning agents

Total

70 Marks

Units

Marks

Volumetric Analysis

10

Salt Analysis

8

Content-Based Experiment

6

Class record and viva

6

Total

30

Units

Important Topics

Marks

A. Fundamentals of Human Geography

(30 Marks)

Human Geography-

Nature and Scope

3

People

• Population of world−distribution, density and growth;
• Population change−spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change
• Age−Sex ratio, rural−urban composition;
• Human development−concept; selected indicators, international comparisons

5

Human Activities

• Primary activities−Concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining,
• subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture
• Secondary activities−Concept; manufacture: agro-processing, household,
• Tertiary activities−Concept; trade, transport and communication; Services
• Quaternary activities

10

Transport, Communication and Trade

• Land transport−roads, railways−rail network; trans−continental railways;
• Water transport−inland waterways; major Ocean routes;
• Oil and gas pipelines;
• Satellite Communication and Cyberspace.
• International trade

9

Human settlements

• Settlement types−rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study)
• Distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.

3

B. India: People and Economy

(30 Marks)

People

• Population−distribution, density and growth;
• Human development−selected indicators and regional patterns;
• Population, environment and development

4

Human settlements

• Rural settlements−types and distribution; Urban settlements−types, distribution and functional classification.

3

Resources and Development

• Land resources
• ‘Water resources
• Mineral and energy resources
• Industries−types and distribution
• Impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization on industrial location
• Planning in India−target area planning (case study); the idea of sustainable development.

11

Transport, Communication and International Trade

• Transport and communication−roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil and
• gas pipelines; national electric grids; Communication networking−radio, television,
• satellite and internet;
• (b) International trade−changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their
• hinterland, and airports.

7

Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems

(a) Environmental pollution; Urban−waste disposal;

(b) Urbanisation; rural-urban migration; problem of slums;

(c) Land Degradation.

5

Manipur: People and Economy

(10 Marks)

People and Human Settlement

• Population: distribution, density and growth; composition−linguistic and religious;
• structure−age−sex; participation−workers and non−workers;
• Human settlements: types−rural & urban, distribution pattern and urban functional
• classification.

4

Resources and Development

• Forest products, conservation of forests for ecological balance, Land resources, water resources, mineral and energy resources; Industries

4

Transport, Communication and Trade

• Transport and communication−roads, railways, waterways and airways
• Communication networking−radio, television, satellite and internet.
• International trade; Indo−Myanmar border trade.

2

Units

Marks

Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping

15

Field Study or spatial Information Technology

5

Practical Record Book

5

Viva-Voce

5

Total

30