CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025 PDF, Units & Topics

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) had released the CBSE 12th Economics syllabus 2025. Candidates must go to the CBSE’s official website, cbseacademic.nic.in. The CBSE 12th class syllabus 2025 helps them prepare well for the exam.

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The CBSE class 12 economics syllabus 2025 has been divided into two parts. The first part consists of introductory macroeconomics, and the second part consists of Indian economic development. Given below are a few important details regarding the CBSE 12th class economics syllabus 2025.

Links to Download CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025

Given below is a table consisting of the link to download the CBSE class 12 economics syllabus 2025.

How to Download CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025?

Candidates are required to visit the official website of the CBSE and download the CBSE class 12 economics syllabus 2025 in PDF form. Candidates must note that the CBSE 12th class economics syllabus consists of important topics and practical work. Given below are a few important details regarding the CBSE 12th class economics syllabus 2025.

Candidates are required to visit the official website of CBSE (cbse.nic.in).
They must click on the option “Examinations.”
They must click on the option “CBSE Curriculum.”
The next step consists of clicking on the link for “Senior Secondary Curriculum” (XI-XII).
They are required to click on the link for “Academic Electives.”
Click on Economics.
Download the CBSE class 12 economics syllabus 2025 in PDF format.

Sectional Breakdown of CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025

Given below is a table consisting of the units and chapters along with CBSE 12th exam total marks for Economics and periods.

Unit	Marks	Periods
Part A Introductory Macroeconomics
National Income and Related Aggregates	10	30
Money and Banking Determination of Income and Employment	06 12	15 30
Government Budget and the Economy	06	17
Balance of Payments	06	18
Total	40
Part B Indian Economic Development
Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991	12	28
Current Challenges facing Indian Economy	20	50
Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours	08	12
Theory Paper (40+40 = 80 Marks)	40	200
Part C Project Work	20	20

CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025 – Sectional Breakdown

Unit Wise Breakdown of CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025

Given below is a unit wise breakdown of the CBSE 12th class economics syllabus 2025.

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates 30 Periods

What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.
Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.
Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP.
GDP Deflator GDP and Welfare

Unit 2:Money and Banking 15 Periods

Money – meaning and functions, supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.
Money creation by the commercial banking system.
Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment 30 Periods

Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.
Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4: : Government Budget and the Economy 17 Periods

Government budget – meaning, objectives and components. Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts;
Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments 18 Periods

Balance of payments account – meaning and components;
Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.
Determination of exchange rate in a free market
Merits and demerits of flexible and fixed exchange rate.
Managed Floating exchange rate system.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: : Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991: 28 Periods

A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.
Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.
Economic Reforms since 1991: Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy 60 Periods

Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development;
Growth of Education Sector in India Rural development: Key issues – credit and marketing – role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming – organic farming Employment
Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience of India: 12 Periods

A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan
India and China Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators

Part C: Project in Economics 20 Periods

Prescribed Books:

1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT
2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT
3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT
4. Macroeconomics, NCERT
5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE

Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium

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FAQs Related to CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025

Will understanding the CBSE 12th class economics syllabus 2025 be aided by previous year papers?

Yes, candidates will gain a better understanding of the important topics of economics by solving CBSE Class 12 previous years papers.

Is it mandatory for candidates to make projects in economics for the CBSE board?

Yes, it is mandatory for candidates to prepare projects for economics as it carries 20 marks.